Introduction
Preface
1. What Is Hair
Mineral Analysis?
2. Interpretation
Principles
3. Components of Hair
Analysis Readings
4. Thyroid And Adrenal
Gland Assessment
Case
#1. Common problems of young women
5. The Oxidation Rate
And Stage Of Stress
Case
#1. Fast oxidation and hyperkinetic
behavior
Case
#2. Slow oxidation, fatigue,
depression and loss of libido
6. Assessing Sugar And
Carbohydrate Tolerance
Case #1. Insulin-dependent diabetes
7. Assessing The Energy Level
Case #1. Identical twins with seizures,
bed wetting, ear infections,
pneumonia and learning disorders
8. Interpretation Review
9. Cardiovascular And
Respiratory
Dysfunctions,
Allergies And Anemia
Case #1. Post myocardial infarction,
high blood pressure and
probable diabetes
Case #2. Essential hypertension
10.
Reproductive, Renal & Immune System
Dysfunctions
Case #1. High copper and pregnancy
11.
Musculo-Skeletal Dysfunctions
Case #1. Delayed wound healing and
non-union of fractures
12.
Digestive And Dental Dysfunctions
Case #1. Impaired digestion
Case #2. Erosion of the alveolar bone
13.
Neurological And Psychological Dysfunctions
Case #1. Failure-to-thrive syndrome
and delayed development
Case #2. Migraine headaches in children
14.
Minerals And Their Relationship To Personality
Case #1. Juvenile delinquency
Case #2. Schizophrenia
15.
Hair Analysis and Diet
16. Supplement Program Design, Computer
Generated Reports And
Lifestyle
17.
Therapeutic Concepts And Healing Reactions
18.
Personality Integration And Advanced Research
19.
Healing The Health Care System
Appendices:
I. Glossary of Terms and Concepts
II. Coffee Enemas,
Castor Oil Packs, And the Genital Bath
III. Meditation,
Affirmations, and Visualization
IV. The Mineral Reference
Guide
V.
Nutrition Review
VI. Hair
Analysis References
Notes
Index
2005 ADDENDUM
Infrared Electric Light Sauna Therapy 392
New Program Considerations 401
Ideal Versus Normal Values 402
More About Drinking Water 402
Hidden Aluminum, Iron And Manganese Toxicity 404
The JAMA 2001 Hair Analysis Report 405
New Information About Thyroid Evaluation 406
Autonomic Nervous System Evaluation 410
More Information About Cancer 416
More Psychological Patterns Associated With Hair Mineral Levels 422
Bio-identical Hormone Replacement Therapy 426
Yin And Yang Healing 431
New Measuring Instruments 437
************
CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS HAIR MINERAL ANALYSIS?
Hair
analysis is much more than a test for minerals. From a small sample of hair, you can learn about your
metabolic rate, stage of stress, immune system, and adrenal and thyroid
glandular activity. The test
offers information about carbohydrate tolerance, energy levels and tendencies
for over 30 illnesses, often years before they manifest. You can also tell if you are eating
enough protein, eating too many carbohydrates, and whether a vegetarian diet is
working for you.
Mineral patterns
also reflect mental and emotional conditions. A hair analysis can identify personality tendencies, how you handle stress and your stress
level. It can indicate whether you
tend toward extroversion or emotional withdrawal. It can tell if you are prone to anxiety, depression, phobias
or mood swings. Even addiction and
violence may be predicted with a hair test.
Therapists can
use hair analysis to help distinguish which symptoms or behaviors are due to
biochemistry, and which are of emotional origin. Balancing and strengthening body chemistry can also enhance
the effectiveness of psychotherapy and other types of psychiatric treatment.
Families can
learn from a hair analysis why a child has learning difficulties, attention
deficit, infections or difficulty falling asleep at night. Or why a partner may become withdrawn,
moody, anxious or lose interest in sex even though he or she is still very much
in love.
Schools can use
hair analysis to screen all incoming children for nutrient deficiencies, toxic
metals and hypoglycemia. It can
also detect biochemical imbalances associated with anti-social behavior,
attention deficit and learning difficulties.
Nutrition
consultants can reduce the guesswork in recommending nutritional products using
a hair analysis. Each metabolic
type requires different foods and varying amounts of vitamins and
minerals. Health practitioners can
approach each patient as an individual using hair analysis. Indeed, the test can reveal eight or
nine causes for a single condition such as arthritis. Each may need a different health regimen. There are few medical ways to detect
these subtleties other than with a hair analysis.
Toxic metal
poisoning is often passed on from mother to child. Future mothers, midwives and obstetricians can use hair
analysis to help remove toxic metals in the body before they are passed on to
the next generation. This would
reduce birth defects and infant mortality, and assure easier pregnancies and
healthier children. It is an
incredibly important use for hair analysis.
Insurance
companies, practitioners and health-conscious individuals can use hair analysis
as a predictive and preventive health care method. Why wait until a costly disease arises? The chemical imbalances related to many
conditions often develop years before the symptoms show up. Correcting the imbalances may prevent
the disease altogether.
Surgeons can use
hair analysis to help assess the risks of an operation. This can help reduce mortality and
morbidity associated with surgery and other medical procedures. Patients and health practitioners can
use hair analysis to provide feedback on progress in healing any condition when
symptoms alone are not an adequate guide.
Hair testing is one of very few ways to obtain a permanent,
reproducible, graphic record of deep changes in body chemistry. It is a new research tool and therapy
method to assist in the conquest of disease.
Government
agencies and researchers use hair analysis to monitor environmental and
occupational exposure to toxic metals.
Companies can use it as a screening tool to monitor stress and fatigue
levels among employees, and as a preventive health care method.
Finally, let us
not ignore our furry friends.
Animal owners and veterinarians find hair analysis an excellent method
to monitor, prevent, assess and guide correction of health conditions in many
animal species.
MINERALS, THE STEPCHILDREN OF NUTRITION
How
is all this possible from a few snips of hair? It is possible because minerals are involved in all body
functions. The chemical elements
are the basic building blocks of our bodies. For years, interest focused on proteins, carbohydrates, fats
and vitamins. Minerals are only
beginning to receive the attention they deserve.
Even more telling
are the ratios
between minerals. Ratios represent
relationships and balances in the body.
Even in our bodies, the quality of relationships determines our
health. Acidity and alkalinity,
good cholesterol and bad cholesterol, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid - all are
balances. Using hair analysis to
assess balances and relationships provides information about every body
system. With this short
introduction, let us begin to explore hair mineral analysis.
HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED
The
first three chapters discuss what is a hair analysis and what the mineral
levels represent. Chapters four through
seven cover the basic mineral ratios and their meaning. These chapters introduce many important
ideas that are helpful when interpreting a hair analysis. Chapter eight is a review.
Chapters nine
through fourteen discuss common health conditions and their assessment through
hair analysis. Chapters fifteen
through seventeen cover therapeutics - diet, supplementation and
lifestyle. Chapter eighteen is a
conclusion and discussion of nutrition and health care. Extra technical information and references
are placed in six appendices to avoid cluttering up the text.
WHAT IS A HAIR MINERAL ANALYSIS?
Hair
analysis is a soft
tissue mineral biopsy. A
biopsy is an analysis of a body tissue, in this case to detect mineral
levels. Hair is classified as a
soft tissue of the body. Hair
analysis provides a reading of the mineral deposition in the cells and
interstitial spaces of the hair over a 2-3 month period. The test does not provide an assessment of the mineral
content of other tissues of the body.
However, testing the hair allows one to infer what is occurring in other
tissues of the body.
Hair analysis is
considered a screening
test. A screening test by
definition is not intended to be diagnostic of any disease or condition. It is, however, a relatively simple and
easily-performed test designed to provide a lot of information rapidly and
inexpensively. Screening tests are
often undervalued in medicine. However,
they can play a critical role in both prevention and early detection of
physical and mental disorders.
Some researchers
refer to hair mineral analysis as tissue mineral analysis, trace mineral
analysis, tricho-mineral analysis or TMA.
These terms are interchangeable.
WHY USE HAIR?
Hair makes an excellent biopsy material for several reasons:
* Sampling is simple and
non-invasive.
* Hair is a stable
biopsy material. It requires no
special handling and will remain viable for years.
* Mineral levels
in the hair are about ten times that of blood, making them easy to detect in
the hair.
* Advancements in
technology have rendered hair mineral analysis cost effective, accurate and
reliable.
Important reasons for using hair for the detection of nutritional
and biochemical imbalances are:
1. Hair provides a unique cellular reading
of the mineral levels. The cells,
not the blood or urine, are the major site of metabolic activity. Blood tests are excellent, but do not
provide the same information for the following reasons: a) mineral
levels are lower in the blood, making detection of trace elements more
difficult,
b) mineral levels are kept
relatively constant in the blood even when pathology is present. Hair mineral values often vary by a
factor of ten, making measurement easier,
c) toxic metals are not
found in high concentrations in the blood except right after acute exposure,
and
d) blood tests can vary from
hour to hour, depending upon diet, time of day and many other factors.
2. Hair analysis is
acknowledged to be one of the few ways to detect toxic metals. Toxic metals concentrate in the soft
tissues, not in the blood or urine.
Heavy metal toxicity is an important, but hidden problem that is often
ignored in medicine.
3. Hair testing can
provide an assessment of an individual's stage of stress and oxidation
rate. The oxidation rate provides
a tremendous quantity of information very quickly. It is valuable for determining dietary needs, as well as for
recommending nutritional supplements.
4. Hair testing can
provide indicators of glandular activity, liver and kidney function, and
carbohydrate tolerance. Sugar and
carbohydrate intolerance is a critical health problem today, often overlooked
by conventional practitioners.
Although the glucose tolerance test (GTT) is more precise, the hair test
can quickly screen for carbohydrate intolerance problems. At the same time, it can provide
insight into the cause of the problem.
5. Tendencies for over
30 common health conditions can be identified from a hair analysis, often
before symptoms of the condition develop.
Disease trends are often the most valuable aspect of the test.
6. Trends for common
psychological conditions such as depression, hyperkinesis, anxiety and mood
swings may be identified through a hair analysis. Hair analysis research confirms the intimate connection
between biochemistry and many emotional disorders.
7. A hair analysis can
provide an energetic analysis of the body. Energy is a common denominator of health. Restoring energy is a key to healing.
8. Hair analysis can
help take some of the guesswork out of recommending diets and nutritional
supplements.
9. Hair analysis can
help monitor progress, even if a person is not following a nutritional
program. Changes in body chemistry
for any reason are reflected on the hair test.
ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
The
procedure described below is used at Accutrace Laboratories in Phoenix,
Arizona.[i][i]
Similar procedures are used at most hair testing laboratories except
that some
laboratories wash the hair in solvents or detergents. This is not recommended. Washing hair in the shower has little
effect on mineral readings. Once
the hair is cut off, washing in harsh chemicals definitely alters the levels of
some of the water-soluble minerals.
This subject is explored later in more detail.
Hair samples
arriving at the laboratory are first cut into small pieces with surgical
scissors. Then a precisely weighed
amount of hair is digested overnight in nitric and perchloric acid. The following day the sample is
rehydrated and placed in the measuring instrument to be assessed for
minerals. A small amount of hair
is set aside by the laboratory to retest any element that measures outside of
the usual testing range.
Analysis methods
include atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA), inductively-coupled plasma (ICP),
mass spectroscopy and the graphite furnace. Most laboratories use an ICP or the newer mass spectroscopy
instrument. Essentially, the
dissolved sample is burned at a high temperature. Each mineral gives off a characteristic spectrum or
frequencies of light which is picked up by sensitive detectors in the measuring
instrument. Calibration and
precise control of the flame temperature are essential to obtain accurate
readings. Minerals that are measured
include:
* macrominerals or electrolytes: calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfur and phosphorus.
* trace minerals: copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, iron, boron, selenium,
molybdenum, silicon, lithium.
* toxic metals:
lead, mercury, cadmium, aluminum, nickel and arsenic.
Some
laboratories also measure antimony, beryllium, bismuth, platinum, silver,
thallium, thorium, uranium, vanadium, iodine, strontium, barium, germanium,
rubidium, titanium, zirconium and others.
The significance of these minerals in the hair and in human physiology
is less well understood.
Readings are
reported in parts
per million (ppm), or in milligrams per 100 grams (mg%). To convert parts per million to milligrams per 100 grams
divide the ppm number by 10. In
this text, all readings are in milligrams per 100 grams (mg%).
QUALITY CONTROL AND LABORATORY LICENCING
At
Accutrace Laboratories, a National Bureau of Standards bovine liver sample,
in-house controls, and samples of all acids and reagents are run as controls at
the beginning and the end of each batch of minerals tested. If the controls are not reported within
about plus or minus 10% accuracy, the batch is discarded and re-run.
The U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration,
Division of Health Standards and Quality carefully inspects each commercial
laboratory annually. An operating
licence is issued only if personnel and procedures meet rigorous standards. Due to controversy over mineral
testing, hair analysis laboratories are scrutinized more closely by the
government than most blood laboratories.
DOCUMENTATION
Hundreds of
papers have been published on the subject of tissue mineral testing. Mineral analysis is a standard testing method
used at laboratories and universities around the world.
Many papers have
been written regarding the accuracy and efficacy of hair testing for toxic
metals. The United States
Environmental Protection Agency published a 300-page study in August 1979. They reviewed over 400 medical reports
on hair testing. The authors
concluded that hair is a "meaningful and representative tissue for
biological monitoring for most of the toxic metals".
Very few
physicians are trained in the detection methods such as the hair mineral
analysis. The author was very
skeptical about the use of the hair mineral test. Clinical experience with over 8000 clients dispelled his
doubts.
Commercial hair
testing on human populations has been carried out for over 25 years. Well over one million tests have been
performed. However, interpretation
of the test is still a research subject.
NORMAL VALUES
The normal values used in mineral analysis are derived the same way
normal values are derived for blood tests. Large numbers of tests are run on healthy individuals to
determine the normal ranges. Exact
or ideal
ratios are most important for the interpretation of the test. Although everyone will not conform to
the ideal values, a rigorous standard is useful for purposes of comparison and
to note progress. Even if they are
later modified, ideal values serve an important purpose as rigorous standards.
Percentage changes in mineral values have great significance. An improvement in a calcium reading
from 10 mg% to 20 mg% is a 100% improvement! Twenty mg% is still a low calcium reading, but the change
can make a crucial difference in the way a person feels. Similarly, an increase in the
calcium/magnesium ratio from 4:1 to 6:1 may not appear large, but is a 50%
improvement. This can cause
significant change in a person's symptoms.
CHALLENGES TO THE VALIDITY OF HAIR ANALYSIS
Several studies critical of hair analysis have been published. Most recent criticism stems from two
studies published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The first was published in August 1985.[ii][
Fifty-six samples were sent to 13 different laboratories and the results
analyzed for consistency. Four of
the thirteen labs performed very well.
Another three performed moderately well. The author, however, overlooked these positive results and
claimed that all hair analysis was probably a fraud. The results were publicized in medical journals and even
popular magazines.
In this study,
standard hair analysis protocol was ignored in three ways, any one of which
would be enough to discredit the entire study:
* Instead of using one-inch
samples cut close to the scalp, a few long strands of hair were chopped up into
small pieces to obtain the samples.
The ends of long hair are more subject to contamination and should never
be used.
* Samples were
washed under the kitchen tap before being sent to the laboratory. Tap water is often rich in
minerals. Hair samples should
never be washed in this manner.
* Hair samples
were mixed together by hand. It is
difficult or impossible to obtain a homogenous sample this way.
Not only was the study's methodology flawed, but the author of the
study is openly critical of many nutritional therapies. He is the director of a national
'anti-quackery' group. He admitted
he had no professional experience with hair analysis whatsoever.
Another study appeared in JAMA, #285, #1, Jan.3, 2001. Six hair samples were cut from one
person and sent to six laboratories for analysis. One laboratory they chose was operating illegally, and this
was mentioned in the article but it was still included. The authors mentioned that hair analysis
laboratories use different methods of washing the samples, but then ignored
this difference in their conclusion that the test is unreliable. Problems with
this study were:
1) It
compared apples and oranges. Some
hair analysis laboratories wash the hair while others do not. It is common knowledge that washing
hair at the laboratory will alter the readings. Yet the authors of the study criticized the fact that the
readings did not come out the same from all the laboratories.
In
fact, the two laboratories that use the same procedure, which is to not wash
the hair, provided identical results in 6 of 9 trace minerals and extremely
close results on the other three.
In other words, in the only valid comparison of hair analysis
laboratories, results showed the exact opposite conclusion than that drawn by
the authors.
2) An unlicensed lab was included in the study. Why include a laboratory in a study
that is not considered a valid testing laboratory? This makes little sense, unless one wishes to discredit the
field of hair analysis. As might
be expected, their results were the least accurate and were the main reason the
authors concluded hair analysis is unreliable.
3) The “study” involved only one patient.
The word study is in quotes because no valid medical study is done on
only one patient. This report was
at best anecdotal, since one patient hardly constitutes a study. It is shocking that the Journal of the
American Medical Association would accept such a report and print it. It is also a poor reflection on the
authors that they would draw any conclusions at all from this anecdotal report.
4) Rather than compare the raw data, the authors compared whether
readings were reported as high, normal or low. This is not a measure of the reliability of hair analysis,
as they claim. This is comparing the
reference ranges of various laboratories, which is another issue.
5) The authors demonstrated clear bias and ignorance of hair
analysis. They referred to the
1985 JAMA study, stating, “we decided to update Barrett’s
results”. This implies they
were unaware or unconcerned with all the flaws in the earlier study. Also, there was no mention of the
hundreds of other studies done before and since 1985 that validate hair mineral
analysis.
The value of hair testing has also been diminished due to other
design errors in medical studies.
For example:
1. Studies
of a single
mineral often miss the fact that all the minerals interact. They are part of a mineral system. Only when viewed as a system do hair
test results really make sense.
2. A number of studies
discuss whether feeding a mineral causes that mineral to rise in the hair. These studies miss the point that the
hair represents the state of body chemistry, which is only partially determined by
ingestion of any mineral or food.
Feeding a single nutrient often does not affect hair levels. Factors such as nutrient absorption and
nutrient interaction are overlooked in these studies.
3. Some laboratories
wash the hair, while others do not.
This can result in different results if samples are sent to several
laboratories for comparison. The
lack of standardization is a problem that remains in the field of hair testing.
All material in this text is based on not
washing the hair at the laboratory.
This is extremely
important. Washing the hair at
the laboratory erratically removes loosely bound minerals and can reduce
readings by 50% or more.
A thoughtful criticism of hair analysis is found in The Reverse
Effect.[iii][iv] The
author mentions differing laboratory procedures, and the fact that a mineral
can appear high when in fact it is being lost through the hair. Hopefully the present text answers
these valid concerns about hair mineral testing. Common errors the author is aware of in hair testing are:
* Washing the hair at the laboratory.
* Viewing the
results one mineral at a time, rather than as components of a mineral system.
* Replacement
therapy (attempting to correct body chemistry by simply recommending the
minerals that are low in the hair).
CAN HAIR ANALYSIS HELP DESIGN NUTRITION PROGRAMS?
Some
criticize hair mineral testing when it is used to recommend nutritional
supplements. A few health
authorities particularly object to recommending vitamins from a hair test,
since the test only detects minerals.
However, it is known that certain vitamins, such as vitamin C, can be
used to help remove toxic metals.
It is difficult to understand any objection to the suggestion to
supplement vitamin C if a hair analysis reveals excessive toxic metals.
In the author's experience, hair analysis is excellent for
assessing some nutritional needs, provided the test is performed and
interpreted correctly. One can
then obtain a metabolic
blueprint of the state of body chemistry. It is possible to recommend with some accuracy diet,
lifestyle changes and many supplements that can improve the metabolic patterns
revealed on the test.
CONTAMINATION OF HAIR SAMPLES
Are
hair samples rendered inaccurate by hair treatments and environmental
contamination? Shampoo,
conditioners, rinses, light sweating and air pollution generally do not
significantly affect hair readings.
Most hair products do not contain many minerals that remain in the hair
after the product is used.
Therefore the test is not affected. Hair is not very porous, about 10% in men and 15% in
women. Most contaminants do not
remain within the hair. The following situations can affect the hair readings:
* Daily swimming in pools can
raise sodium and copper levels.
* Heavy sweating
immediately before cutting the sample can raise sodium and potassium readings.
* 'Grecian
Formula' and 'Youth Hair' hair dye contain lead. They will elevate the lead level (and should be avoided!).
* Head &
Shoulders shampoo can elevate the zinc level.
* Selsun Blue
shampoo can elevate the selenium level.
Asking
the client what products are on their hair will usually be sufficient to rule
out abnormal readings due to hair products. Bleach or other chemicals used in
permanents will have some effect on hair readings. If possible, take a hair sample before having a permanent or
bleaching. After a beauty parlor
permanent or bleaching treatment, it is best to let the hair grow out for
several weeks. Concentrated hydrogen
peroxide used in these treatments alters the hair structure.[iv][v] Home
permanents use less concentrated peroxide. It is best to wash the hair 4-5 times after these treatments
before having a hair analysis.
However, if a person is very ill, a sample can be taken at any
time. It may not be perfectly
accurate, but will provide enough information to begin a corrective program.
It is best to wash the hair within 48 hours before sampling. After showering, hair mineral levels
re-equilibrate in an hour or less.
Showering may wash out a small percentage of water-soluble
minerals. However, minerals from
the sweat or oil glands appear to re-establish an equilibrium on the hair
shortly after washing. Of course,
this re-equilibration cannot occur if the hair is washed after it is cut from
the head at a laboratory.
SHOULD HAIR BE WASHED AT THE LABORATORY?
The
danger of environmental contamination has prompted some mineral testing
laboratories to wash the hair before analyzing it. Studies indicate this is far worse than the occasional contamination
due to an environmental agent.
Studies by Dr. Raymond LeRoy[v]
and others indicate clearly that washing the hair at the laboratory erratically and
unpredictably removes calcium, sodium and potassium. Zinc, magnesium, nickel and other
elements are also affected by washing.
Those who favor
washing the hair at the lab contend that any mineral that is washed out is
'exogenous' - not really part of the hair. In fact, this is pure speculation. Judging by the excellent predictability the mineral ratios
provide when the hair is not washed, one is lead to conclude that the loosely
bound minerals are not simply exogenous.
They are part of the biopsy material.
Even if washing was a good idea, the medical study cited in support
of hair washing is not consistent with the procedure used at commercial hair
analysis laboratories. In this
study, antelope hair was soaked in radioactive sodium.[vi][vii]
One had to wash the hair for 90 minutes to remove all the added sodium. The author is not aware of any
laboratory that washes the hair for anything close to that amount of time. Therefore, only part of the loosely bound mineral is
removed - an arbitrary, erratic and variable percentage. If you are not sure if your laboratory
washes the hair, ask. This
is a very important issue.
HAIR SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Accurate
results depend on cutting hair samples correctly. It is best if the doctor, consultant or someone in the
office cuts the sample, rather than a family member or hair dresser. Take the sample preferably from the back
of the head, although any part of the head may be used. Be consistent. If possible, on retests use the same
area each time. Pubic, underarm or
other body hair may be used in an emergency. However, the normal values are not quite the same as for head
hair. For example, pubic hair has
a higher phosphorus level. Head
hair is definitely preferable.
Hair should be
clean and dry when sampled. Cut
the hair as close as possible to the scalp. Then cut the sample again, approximately one inch from the
scalp end. Discard the distal ends
and use only the hair taken near the scalp. Thinning shears may be used if the hair is short. If thinning shears are used on long hair, it may be hard to tell
which end was cut.
Take several
samples from different places at the back of the head or the nape of the
neck. Combine them to form the
one-half gram dry sample required. Be sure a sufficient amount of
hair is sent to the laboratory, and that the laboratory slip is filled out
completely. The most common
sampling errors are leaving the sample over one inch long, or not sending in
enough hair. A sample that is
slightly less than 500 mg can be used, but smaller samples must be diluted,
reducing the accuracy.
INSURANCE REIMBURSEMENT FOR HAIR ANALYSIS
Some insurance companies and health plans will reimburse for hair
mineral testing if the paperwork is submitted properly. Some codes to use from the
International Classification of Diseases, ninth edition, (ICD-9-CM) Volume 2,
1980 are:
Heavy Metal Poisoning: 985.9
Heavy Metal Screen: 83015 (older classification)
HAIR TESTING IN VETERINARY MEDICINE
Hair
analysis is a wonderful assessment tool for working with animals. Clinical results are often
excellent. All the basic concepts and
principles presented in the following chapters apply to animal nutrition and
veterinary medicine. For those who
work with animals, a few pointers may be helpful.
* Normal values are different
for each species.
* Depending on the
animal, extra attention is sometimes required to obtain a clean sample.
* Sodium/potassium
ratios are often inverted in animals.
* Often changing
the feed is enough to effect significant changes in body chemistry.
An
excellent consultant who specializes in the use of the hair mineral analysis
for horses is Dr. Raymond LeRoy, DSc., (602) 866-7701.
********
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